Essay on Problems with Eyewitness Testimony - 1395 Words

Eyewitness testimony has been used for many centuries and continues to be a part of our criminal justice system. Although, there has been many controversy debates on whether to allow the continuation of these testimonies in court, and allow it to be used as evidence. Eyewitness testimony can either be harmful or useful for an individual. We must fully analysis and see what certain factors (psychological, and age wise) come into the equation before coming up with final conclusions. A case study titled Problems with Eyewitness Testimony talks about a famous Canadian case in which a 14 years old boy named Steven Truscott, was convicted in 1959 of rape and murder of a 12 years old, Lynne Harper. It was later found that the conviction was†¦show more content†¦A 10-year-old boy will unfortunately become a victim quickly to these errors. Taking into consideration that his recollection of that night wasn’t any useful in court. When given the option, it is likely he will go with the option that makes seems justified. Does this mean that all children have faulty memories? Absolutely not, but their age does have an influence. According to child development expert, Dr. Steven Ceci. Children’s intake on memories is different from adults. It factors down to the child’s past knowledge of things and whether they can extract real memories rather than created false ones. Knowing this we still can’t deem a child’s memory to be as credible as an adults. A case in 2002, where a 5 year old girl was abducted in front of her home in Stanton, California. Sarah Ahn, a 6-year-old child was the only witness to the crime. â€Å"Ceci also said there are times when a child can be a lot more accurate than an adult.â€Å" This contradicts the point of a child’s memory not being as credible and in this case, it supports what Dr. Steven Ceci was saying. Sarah Ahn, fit into this exception of being accurate. She was able to give a detailed description of the suspect and his car, that a f ew days later the authorities attained the suspect. Although we still need to proceed with caution and not rely on child’s testimonies, because a child’s mind can be manipulated to implant a false memory. (Web 3) Psychologists continue to conduct tests, theories, and studies toShow MoreRelatedThe Problem With Eyewitness Testimony Essay2517 Words   |  11 Pages Eyewitness testimony has long been viewed as important evidence in court cases. The general population believes eyewitness identification more than any other evidence, even if the witness account is conflicting with the other evidence presented. Studies show that eyewitness testimony is unreliable, and yet it is still considered the most important form of evidence. People think that if a person says they saw something then it must have happened. Currently there are no universalRead MoreFalse Memory Essay609 Words   |  3 Pageshave a stethoscope or name badge around their neck. Eyewitness memory is important especially when dealing with criminal trials. It is important because trails rely on eyewitness memory as a crucial piece of evidence for their defense. Eyewitness testimony can have a huge impact on a jury, and the jury then decides whether or not they will take truth to what an eyewitness says. A problem with eyewitness memory is that often times an eyewitness can go through a state of shock processing every eventRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony is a major topic in our society. Eyewitness Testimony is often used during crime scene investigations. Although a Testimony by a bystander or a victim regarding an incident is a great tool for further investigation, testimonies are often times false and can lead to false accusations. The research question, how accurate is eyewitness testimony, will be studied. The purpose for this project is to determine the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Th e hypothesis, HighRead MoreEssay on Eyewitness Error1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmemories of one’s life is usually not detrimental, but the flawed nature of long-term and short-term memory functions becomes a serious matter in regards to criminal eyewitness testimony. In the justice system eyewitness reports are legitimate and can be crucial in the judging process. The justice system was constructed to rely on testimony that is often inaccurate and inconstant in many ways. The manner in which memories are constructed lends itself to errors. According to the constructive approachRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And Evidence Testimony Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesjudged accordingly, other times the innocent is judged guilty. Eyewitness testimony gives details about what happened, identification of perpetrators. Eyewitness can be the central focus of the whole investigation, and is also heavily focused on and powerful in the courtroom. Hence, eyewitness testimony is largely one of the reasons as to why innocent individuals are thrown in prison. Although generally without a doubt, eyewitness testimony is helpful to the court and investigation, but memory aloneRead MoreBlind Spot : A 1994 Rape Conviction Not Only Altered N.j864 Words   |  4 PagesReferences and Bibliography Avril, T. (May 22, 2006). Eyewitness blind spot: A 1994 rape conviction not only altered N.J. court rules on eyewitness testimony, it raised questions of identifying people of another race. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/465451279?accountid=34899 This article focuses on the State of New Jersey, which became the first state to change its eyewitness lineup procedures, based upon the 2001 justice report on DNA-basedRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagespeople think things happened that never truly happened. Eyewitness testimony has always played an important role as evidence in the courts system. Juries on a trial tend to believe eyewitness testimony over any other evidence, even if other evidence differs from the eyewitness testimony. When little other evidence is presented, eyewitness testimony tends to be the primary focus. Many wrongful convictions have occurred due to these false eyewitness statements. According to George Vallas, in â€Å"A surveyRead MoreEyewitness Identification, Criminal, And Criminal Law Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone on eyewitness testimony only, without any other physical or forensic evidence. In eyewitness identification, in criminal law, evidence is received from a witness who has actually seen an event and can so testify in court.† (Law.com Legal Online Dictionary) While this could be an important piece of the investigation, it can never take the place of DNA, or forensic evidence. Unfortunately, that happens all too much, with our overburdened legal and criminal justice systems. â€Å"Eyewitness misidentificationRead MoreEvaluation of Research Into Eyewitness Testimony Essay598 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluation of Research Into Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness testimony investigates the accuracy of memory following a crime or an incident worth interrogating and the types of errors made in such situations. Sometimes eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, which can lead to horrific consequences in a court of law for example, hence many Psychologists have studied and theorized why this happens. One leading researcher on Eyewitness testimony is Elizabeth Loftus and Read MoreEyewitness Testimony And Its Effect On The Credibility Of Eyewitness Testimonies952 Words   |  4 PagesEyewitness testimony is a hot button issue in not only the criminal justice field but also the psychology field as well. It continues to be argued that this type of â€Å"evidence† is far too unreliable for the court room and can ultimately end up punishing the wrong person for a crime they did not commit. The influence of an eyewitness testimony cannot be denied as research has showed that, â€Å"adding a single prosecution eyewitness to a murder trial summary increased the percentage of mock jurors’ guilty

Colonial Americ Salem Witch Trials - 1247 Words

Colonial America: Salem Witch Trials Do you believe in witches? Ghosts? In Salem, during the 1600’s, the Puritans did. During a nine-month period, the Puritans were conflicted with a true spiritual warfare, and a time where they lost the ways of the one they worshiped. A time we now call, the Salem Witch Trials. To have a clear understanding of what happened in Salem, one must first understand the Puritans. This group of people greatly disagreed with the ways of the Church of England and desired to â€Å"purify† their religion. Their main desire was to be more doctrinally sound in their teaching, and to have more religious freedom. It is from them, that we have modern day Baptists. But to accomplish this, they departed from England and moved to Massachusetts. Originally, they were located in Plymouth, but over the course of time, the group began separating into different parts of Massachusetts. In 1606 Salem was founded, and this is where the Witch Trials occurred. Before the hysteria of the trials struck, it is important to understand the core of what the puritans practiced. According to Dr. Paul Jehle, the Puritans had 7 doctrinally sound teachings. These were: 1) The Devil works most successfully where people are regularly sinning. 2) Ignorance of the enemy make an easy target. 3) If one indulges in the devil’s practice, it becomes more spectacular. 4) Satan works against the saints. 5) Satan and his helpers try and thwart the plans of God. 6) the devil’s

Organizational Culture and Structure- Free-Samples- Myassignment

Question: Using relevant theories, Explain how the Organisational Culture and Structure of Flight Centre are Intertwined. Answer: Introduction: Organization structure and culture is the basic and very essential element of the organization. This is because both these concepts project the actual image of the organization and what the organization is made for (Zheng, Yang and McLean, 2010). This study discusses about the various aspects of organizational structure and culture and the relation between the same. Flight centre is the company that has been discussed in order to learn the conceits. This also focuses on the flight centres structure and culture and how they are intertwined with each other. The study helps the learners to learn about the relation between the structure and culture of the organization and their impact on each other. Organizational culture and structure: Organization culture can be defined as the beliefs and the values that have been adopted by the members of the organisation by mutual understanding. These values and the beliefs of the organization define the meaning of world for them and way they behave in the world. Organization culture is framed s that all the members if the organization perceives the things and behaves in the surrounding in the similar fashion (Ismail Al-Alawi, Yousif Al-Marzooqi and Fraidoon Mohammed, 2007). Framing strong organization culture in the organization provides a proper framework to conduct the process in the organization. This creates uniformity and thus provides a systematic aspect and environment to the company. On the other hand, organization structure is about the system that involves planning, processes and a particular pattern of action that are being conducted to achieve the organizational gaols (Yao-Sheng, 2007). It is more related to the processes and the hierarchical structure of the compan y rather than their beliefs (Schein, 2010). Organizational structural deals with the way the organization is managed and the processes are aligned in order to achieve the targets that are being set for the organization in a particular deadline. Organizational structure and culture are related to each other. This is because it is the values of the members of the organization that has their impact on the structure of the organization framed (Abouzeedan and Hedner, 2012). Organizational culture affects the structure of the organization by acting as these of framing the top management strategies that are being made to shape the organization as a whole. Culture and structure of flight centre: Flight centre is the Australian based company that deals with travel services. The company has won many awards for its performance and also for being the best company to work with because of its structure ad unique cultures (philosophies, 2017). As far as the organizational culture of Flight Centre is considered, it has been analysed that the company believed in having a strong corporate culture. The company has been awarded three times in the list of Hewitts best employer. The culture that has been followed in the company is known as egalitarian culture that involves information sharing, performance basis reward system, Team work, etc. the values of the company also is the main element of its culture and the value of FCL suggests that people are the main component of their company and thus they respect and care for their employees as well as their customers (Luthans and Doh, 2009). They believe in delivering great service to their customers with various options. Unity and egalitaria n is the basis of the values the company believes in. On the other hand, if the organization structure of the company is considered, it has been analysed that the structure of the company is simple, lean and based on teams. The whole staffs are divided and forms the teams such as villages, families and tribes. This is because the company thinks that the social units are still the part of their society. The business model of the company is based on ownership (Alvesson, 2016). This is because it allows the employees also to be the owners of the company by participating in some of the share schemed introduced by the company. One bet way approach is used to conduct the process in the company. The people believe that there is always one best way to complete the process and thus standardization in the process is maintained in the company. Incentives are also part of the organization structure of flight centre. People get incentives on the basis of decide KPIs related to the performance of the teams and the individuals. How unique structure of flight centre has intertwined in its culture: It has been identified that the organization structure of the company is very unique in nature. The organization structure and culture of Flight centre limited complements each other because the values and the beliefs of the company is very much aligned with the process and the management strategies of the firm. The culture of the company is value their employees which is aligned with the concept of providing ownership to the employees by share schemes. This suggests that what the company believes, it also practice. Another cultural value of the company is to work in a team. This is also aligned with the structure and the organizational layers of the company that is divided into villages, families and tribes (philosophies, 2017). Analysing the structure and the culture of the company clearly defines that there is great impact of the cultural aspect of organization on the structure of the same. Customers are the major element that needs to be focused by the organization. The company q uoted in its values that they believe in serving what they advertise. To justify the statement, the company provides customers with the variety of travel options according to their own choices. They design and customize the travel for them. These associations of the culture and the structure of the organization depicts that flight centre is the company that has intertwined culture and structure (Dunford and Palmer, 2002). This act as the competitive advantage for the company as this generates trust amongst the people for the company that the company is delivering what it is claiming. It is not only the customers but the employees are also happy. The company is listed as best employer in Hewitts three times. This is the achievement for the firm and also suggests that the employees at that place are satisfied. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the discussion that fight centre is the firm that is one of the best employer. This is because of its culture and the structure that is intertwined with each other. The company believes in the values and practice these values in its structure as well. This acts as the competitive advantage of the firm also enhances its performance in the market. This develops the trust among the employees towards the firm and the employees are getting what is claimed by the company (Giacalone and Rosenfeld, 2013). The culture of the organization has some of the values that is about caring for the people whether it be employees or customers, providing ownership to the employers by providing them share. This suggests that association and the link between the culture and the structure of the organization provides benefits to the company in sorder to perform better. References: Abouzeedan, A. and Hedner, T., 2012. Organization structure theories and open innovation paradigm.World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development,9(1), pp.6-27. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016.Organizational culture. Sage. Dunford, R. and Palmer, I., 2002. Managing for high performance? People management practices in Flight Centre.Journal of Industrial Relations,44(3), pp.376-396. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P. eds., 2013.Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Ismail Al-Alawi, A., Yousif Al-Marzooqi, N. and Fraidoon Mohammed, Y., 2007. Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: critical success factors.Journal of knowledge management,11(2), pp.22-42. Luthans, F. and Doh, J.P., 2009.International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. philosophies, V, 2017.Values and philosophies | Flight Centre. [online] Flight Centre. Available at: https://www.flightcentre.com.au/careers/values-and-philosophies [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Schein, E.H., 2010.Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Yao-Sheng, L., 2007. The effects of knowledge management strategy and organization structure on innovation.International Journal of Management,24(1), p.53. Zheng, W., Yang, B. and McLean, G.N., 2010. Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), pp.763-771.

Just War Theory free essay sample

It also determines if the use of violent force is necessary and morally permissible. Just war theory governs the morality of violence before and during the war. Recently, just war theory also governs violence in the post war period. Jus ad Bellum is the criteria that are needed to be met in order for a war to be started. It dictates how a nation or group handles a conflict before engaging in a war, this is the main idea of the just war theory. The criteria for jus ad bullum is the criteria discussed earlier. The second theme that the just war theory addresses is jus in bello. Jus in bello dictates how combatants are to act during times of war. The criteria for jus in bello is as follows: distinction, proportionality, and military necessity. Distinction addresses the distinction between military combatants and civilians. It also prohibits actions such as bombing a residential area or a non militarized zone. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Proportionality states that a military attack cannot be launched if the leader has knowledge before hand that there would be excessive killing of civilians. The loss of lives must be in proportion to the gains of the military. Minimum military force must be used in order to achieve military necessity, a military action must be intended to win the war or gain advantage and the action must be against the enemies objective[9] It also goes back to proportionality where the harm caused to civilians in such actions, must be proportional in relation to the advantage gained. This principal is meant to limit an excessive loss of civilian or non military persons or property. [10] Recently, some just war theorists have proposed a third category called jus post bellum. This dictates how combatants treat their enemies after the war including peace treaties, reconstruction, and trials of war crimes. The criteria for jus post bellum would be as follows: just cause for termination, right intention, public declaration and authority, distinction, and proportionality. [11] Just termination can come about if there has been justification for the rights that were violated and the aggressive group is willing to cooperate with peace terms. A just termination could also be made if the just goals cannot be attained at all or with out excessive force.